In order to address how the district census affects education in lower-income and minority communities, one must first understand the modern definition of segregation. Heterogeneous areas that are broken into smaller, less diverse areas often have large discrepancies in school quality. The politics of exclusion theory maintains that political boundaries regulate housing, tax, and other resource policies in a way that protects and isolates its residents. Boundaries make residential sorting decisions more efficient because they convey demographic and socioeconomic differences that may otherwise be hard to discern, such as educational opportunities. Spatial proximity to high-income, high resource areas may seem advantageous, but official political boundaries exclusively dictate access and entitlement to resources. Since the repeal of the mandatory busing introduced in the 1970s as a way to combat public school segregation, the disparity between races in public schools has risen steadily. Segregation is inherently unequal, but the way segregation is viewed today doesnt necessarily reflect the decision of the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. Segregation in schools now is largely impacted by political fragmentation. Political fragmentation is a race-neutral process that does not overtly produce segregation. As fragmentation grows as does segregation at an increasing rate. Fragmentation increases between-district segregation and enables racial differences to di
ctate a residential location. People choose their residence based on socioeconomic or class-based factors. In general, people from minority groups cannot pay as much as whites, leading to further racial segregation. People statistically discriminate to make decisions based on observed correlations, such as the proportion of minorities in a school district and the quality of the schools. Jurisdiction can bar low-income families from areas with better neighborhood schools by restricting the development of multi-family housing or establishing a large minimum lot sizes for single-family homes. Thus, increases racial segregation, but minimizes the need for public services and generates more tax revenue from the expensive homes. Public schools in these jurisdictions are often well-funded and achieve higher test scores because the district can funnel more money into education. Institutional boundaries focus on factors consequential for equality of opportunity, such as the aforementioned quality of public schools. Institutional boundary-based segregation may be more pertinent for assessing the negative consequences associated with segregation. Major focal points of minority settlements include predominantly urban areas. Residential segregation within districts represents district policies about student assignments to different schools. The large economic disparity in many major urban areas in the United States reflects the results of residential segregation in public schools.